Branches of philosophy, to name but a few
Ethics
Political Philosophy
Metaphyisics
Religious philosophy
Theory of knowledge
Logic
Philosophy of Science
Interestingly there is an entire field of academic study that deals specifically with what science is, how it works, and the logic through which we build scientific knowledge. This branch of philosophy is called the philosophy of science. Without which Science would have no direction.
It looks at What kind of data can be used to distinguish between real causes and accidental regularities?
How much evidence and what kinds of evidence do we need before we accept hypotheses? (subjective statements to you )
Why do scientists continue to rely on models and theories which they know are at least partially inaccurate (like Newton's physics)? The exception that proves the rule.
Epistemology — branch of philosophy that deals with what knowledge is, how we come to accept some things as true, and how we justify that acceptance.
Empiricism — set of philosophical approaches to building knowledge that emphasizes the importance of observable evidence from the natural world.
Induction — method of reasoning in which a generalization is argued to be true based on individual examples that seem to fit with that generalization. For example, after observing that trees, bacteria, sea anemones, fruit flies, and humans have cells, one might inductively infer that all organisms have cells.
Deduction — method of reasoning in which a conclusion is logically reached from premises. For example, if we know the current relative positions of the moon, sun, and Earth, as well as exactly how these move with respect to one another, we can deduce the date and location of the next solar eclipse.
Parsimony/Occam's razor — idea that, all other things being equal, we should prefer a simpler explanation over a more complex one.
Demarcation problem — the problem of reliably distinguishing science from non-science. Modern philosophers of science largely agree that there is no single, simple criterion that can be used to demarcate the boundaries of science.
Falsification — the view, associated with philosopher Karl Popper, that evidence can only be used to rule out ideas, not to support them. Popper proposed that scientific ideas can only be tested through falsification, never through a search for supporting evidence.
Paradigm shifts and scientific revolutions — a view of science, associated with philosopher Thomas Kuhn, which suggests that the history of science can be divided up into times of normal science (when scientists add to, elaborate on, and work with a central, accepted scientific theory) and briefer periods of revolutionary science. Kuhn asserted that during times of revolutionary science, anomalies refuting the accepted theory have built up to such a point that the old theory is broken down and a new one is built to take its place in a so-called "paradigm shift."
Aristotle (384-322 BC) — Arguably the founder of both science and philosophy of science. He wrote extensively about the topics we now call physics, astronomy, psychology, biology, and chemistry, as well as logic, mathematics, and epistemology.
The ability for a collective group to bring together their variuos thoughts on what is or what is not is what allows us to develop a way of thinking that leads to possibilities of the future. After all life is like a glass of beer.......